目 录
第1章 X射线衍射.....................................................................................................001
1.1 X射线衍射的工作原理 ..............................................................................002
1.2 X射线衍射仪的构造 ..................................................................................004
1.2.1 X射线发生器 ...................................................................................005
1.2.2 衍射测角仪......................................................................................006
1.2.3 X射线检测器 ...................................................................................009
1.2.4 X射线系统控制装置 .......................................................................011
1.3 其他相关说明.............................................................................................012
1.3.1 德拜-谢乐公式.................................................................................012
1.3.2 小角X射线散射 ...............................................................................014
1.3.3 中子衍射..........................................................................................015
1.3.4 X射线吸收近边结构分析................................................................016
1.3.5 扩展X射线吸收精细结构分析........................................................018
1.4 数据测试及分析.........................................................................................019
1.4.1 样品制备..........................................................................................019
1.4.2 数据处理..........................................................................................021
1.4.3 数据精修..........................................................................................022
1.5 X射线衍射的应用......................................................................................024
1.5.1 应用领域..........................................................................................024
1.5.2 应用实例..........................................................................................025
1.6 习题 ............................................................................................................028
参考文献 .............................................................................................................028
第2章 扫描电子显微镜............................................................................................030
2.1 扫描电镜的基本原理.................................................................................031
2.1.1 加速电压..........................................................................................032
2.1.2 原子序数..........................................................................................033
2.1.3 倾斜..................................................................................................033
2.2 扫描电镜的组成和工作系统 .....................................................................034
2.3 扫描电镜样品制样.....................................................................................036
2.3.1 常规样品的制样 ..............................................................................036
2.3.2 非常规样品的制样 ..........................................................................037
2.4 能谱仪 ........................................................................................................038
2.4 应用 ............................................................................................................039
2.4.1 扫描电镜的应用领域 ......................................................................039
2.4.2 扫描电镜的应用实例 ......................................................................041
2.5 习题 ............................................................................................................043
参考文献 .............................................................................................................044
第3章 透射电子显微镜............................................................................................045
3.1 透射电子显微镜的工作原理及构造..........................................................046
3.1.1 透射电子显微镜的工作原理...........................................................046
3.1.2 透射电子显微镜的构造...................................................................047
3.2 透射电镜的数据处理.................................................................................053
3.2.1 透射电镜的图像处理 ......................................................................053
3.2.2 透射电镜图像的晶格间距计算.......................................................054
3.2.3 高角环形暗场显微分析...................................................................055
3.2.4 选区电子衍射..................................................................................056
3.3 透射电镜的样品制备.................................................................................058
3.3.1 超声分散法......................................................................................058
3.3.2 双喷电解抛光法 ..............................................................................058
3.3.3 离子减薄法......................................................................................059
3.3.4 聚焦离子束技术 ..............................................................................060
3.3.5 超薄切片技术..................................................................................060
3.3.6 负染法..............................................................................................061
3.4 透射电子显微镜的应用实例 .....................................................................062
3.5 习题 ............................................................................................................065
参考文献 .............................................................................................................066
第4章 X射线光电子能谱.........................................................................................067
4.1 X射线光电子能谱的工作原理...................................................................068
4.1.1 表面分析..........................................................................................068
4.1.2 X射线光电子能谱的发展历程.......................................................069
4.1.3 X射线光电子能谱仪的工作原理....................................................071
4.2 X射线光电子能谱仪的结构 ......................................................................075
4.2.1 Ｘ射线激发源..................................................................................076
4.2.2 电子能量分析器 ..............................................................................076
4.2.3 检测器..............................................................................................078
4.2.4 真空系统..........................................................................................078
4.2.5 离子枪..............................................................................................078
4.3 X射线光电子能谱的实验技术与数据处理 ...............................................078
4.3.1 XPS样品处理...................................................................................078
4.3.2 X射线光电子能谱解析....................................................................079
4.3.3 X射线光电子能谱数据处理............................................................082
4.3.4 数据分析流程.....................................................................................084
4.4 X射线光电子能谱的应用 ..........................................................................085
4.4.1 X射线光电子能谱的特点及应用....................................................085
4.4.2 X射线光电子能谱的应用................................................................087
4.4.3 X射线光电子能谱的应用实例........................................................088
4.4.4 X射线光电子能谱的发展前景........................................................091
4.5 习题 ............................................................................................................092
参考文献 .............................................................................................................092
第5章 光谱分析 .......................................................................................................094
5.1 紫外-可见光谱 ...........................................................................................094
5.1.1 原理..................................................................................................095
5.1.2 仪器..................................................................................................095
5.1.3 紫外-可见光谱样品的制备 .............................................................099
5.1.4 紫外-可见分光光度计的应用 .........................................................099
5.2 傅里叶变换红外光谱.................................................................................102
5.2.1 原理..................................................................................................102
5.2.2 傅里叶红外光谱仪 ..........................................................................106
5.2.3 样品的制备......................................................................................107
5.2.4 应用..................................................................................................108
5.3 拉曼光谱 ....................................................................................................112
5.3.1 原理和仪器......................................................................................113
5.3.2 拉曼光谱仪......................................................................................117
5.3.3 样品的制备和观察方法...................................................................118
5.3.4 拉曼光谱的应用 ..............................................................................118
5.4 荧光光谱 ....................................................................................................122
5.4.1 荧光原理..........................................................................................122
5.4.2 荧光光谱仪......................................................................................127
5.4.3 样品制备..........................................................................................128
5.4.4 应用..................................................................................................129
5.5 习题 ............................................................................................................130
参考文献 .............................................................................................................133
第6章 热分析 ...........................................................................................................135
6.1 热分析方法.................................................................................................135
6.1.1 热分析分类......................................................................................136
6.1.2 热分析的应用..................................................................................137
6.1.3 热分析仪的构成 ..............................................................................138
6.1.4 热分析相关的国际期刊...................................................................138
6.2 热重分析 ....................................................................................................139
6.2.1 热重分析的原理 ..............................................................................139
6.2.2 热重分析仪的结构 ..........................................................................141
6.2.3 热重分析实验方法 ..........................................................................142
6.2.4 热重分析的应用及实例...................................................................144
6.3 差示扫描量热法.........................................................................................145
6.3.1 差示扫描量热的原理 ......................................................................145
6.3.2 差示扫描量热仪的结构...................................................................148
6.3.3 DSC基线及其校正方法...................................................................150
6.3.4 差示扫描量热的实验方法...............................................................152
6.3.5 差示扫描量热的应用及实例...........................................................157
6.4 热分析联用技术.........................................................................................158
6.5 习题 ............................................................................................................160
参考文献 .............................................................................................................160
第7章 原子力显微镜................................................................................................161
7.1 原子力显微镜的工作原理及构造..............................................................162
7.1.1 原子力显微镜的工作原理...............................................................162
7.1.2 原子力显微镜的构造 ......................................................................163
7.2 原子力显微镜的工作模式 .........................................................................164
7.2.1 接触模式..........................................................................................164
7.2.2 非接触模式......................................................................................165
7.2.3 敲击模式..........................................................................................165
7.2.4 三种模式的比较 ..............................................................................166
7.2.5 其他模式..........................................................................................166
7.3 原子力显微镜制样要求 .............................................................................167
7.4 原子力显微镜的应用.................................................................................167
7.4.1 表面形貌分析..................................................................................168
7.4.2 力学性质测量..................................................................................168
7.4.3 电磁性质研究..................................................................................168
7.4.4 纳米材料研究..................................................................................168
7.4.5 实时动态监测..................................................................................169
7.4.6 与其他技术结合应用 ......................................................................169
7.5 原子力显微镜的应用实例 .........................................................................169
7.6 习题 ............................................................................................................171
参考文献 .............................................................................................................171
第8章 电化学分析 ...................................................................................................173
8.1 电化学基本原理.........................................................................................174
8.1.1 法拉第定律......................................................................................174
8.1.2 能斯特方程......................................................................................175
8.1.3 巴特勒-福尔默方程.........................................................................175
8.2 电化学基本概念.........................................................................................176
8.2.1 电解质与离子移动 ..........................................................................176
8.2.2 氧化还原反应..................................................................................177
8.2.3 电极电位..........................................................................................177
8.2.4 化学电池..........................................................................................177
8.2.5 过电位..............................................................................................178
8.2.6 速率控制步骤..................................................................................178
8.3 常用的电化学测试方法 .............................................................................179
8.3.1 循环伏安法......................................................................................179
8.3.2 线性扫描伏安法 ..............................................................................182
8.3.3 电化学阻抗谱..................................................................................185
8.4 电化学测试过程.........................................................................................188
8.4.1 原理..................................................................................................189
8.4.2 三电极体系......................................................................................189
8.4.3 仪器设备..........................................................................................190
8.4.4 常见的电化学测试过程...................................................................190
8.5 电化学技术的应用实例 .............................................................................191
8.6 习题 ............................................................................................................195
参考文献 .............................................................................................................196
